"[113], Drawing upon research by Arizona State University Professor Elizabeth Segal, University of Memphis professors Robin Lennon-Dearing and Elena Delavega argued in a 2016 article published in the Journal of Homosexuality that homophobia could be reduced through exposure (learning about LGBT experiences), explanation (understanding the different challenges faced by LGBT people), and experience (putting themselves in situations experienced by LGBT people by working alongside LGBT co-workers or volunteering at an LGBT community center).[114]. [13], In 1981, homophobia was used for the first time in The Times (of London) to report that the General Synod of the Church of England voted to refuse to condemn homosexuality. hydrophobic), in biology to describe organisms that dislike certain conditions (e.g. The statement, however, was addressed to reject a resolution by the UN Assembly that would have precisely called for an end of penalties against homosexuals in the world. without a breast: Term. [106] In March 2010, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity, described by CoE Secretary General as the first legal instrument in the world dealing specifically with one of the most long-lasting and difficult forms of discrimination to combat. [13] According to UK HIV/AIDS charity AVERT, religious views, lack of homosexual feelings or experiences, and lack of interaction with gay people are strongly associated with such views. Christians and Jews who oppose homosexuality often cite such passages; historical context and interpretation is more complicated. In August 2019, the Pride in London community took a different initiative to “show solidarity with the LGBT+ community” and colored the crossings in rainbow colors for the annual parades. Morbid fear of many things; a condition marked by the presence of many phobias. In this article, let's delve into some of the technical terms for these fears. In this article, we look at the causes, risk factors, and how to cope. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. "[95] A study performed in 2007 in the UK for the charity Stonewall reports that up to 90 percent of the population support anti-discrimination laws protecting gay and lesbian people. [61][62], In Poland local towns, cities,[63][64] and Voivodeship sejmiks[65] have declared their respective regions as LGBT ideology free zone with the encouragement of the ruling Law and Justice party. That is a really good question. "[10] Moreover, in a Southern Poverty Law Center 2010 Intelligence Report extrapolating data from fourteen years (1995–2008), which had complete data available at the time, of the FBI's national hate crime statistics found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime. Brain processing and reactivity. an/esthesia: ... fear of many things: Term. Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched. Some less overt behaviors may include making assumptions about the gender of a person's romantic partner, or about gender roles. [75] According to Cheval et al. It may be hard to pronounce, but it's not hard to find. [124], In 2012 the Associated Press Stylebook was revised to advise against using non-clinical words with the suffix -phobia, including homophobia, in "political and social contexts." Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content. [125][126] The AP's decision was criticized in some media outlets, especially those in the LGBT area,[127] who argued that homophobia did not necessarily have to be interpreted in a strict clinical sense.[128][129]. Homophobia in men is correlated with insecurity about masculinity. In common usage, they also … [77], Researcher Iain R. Williamson, in his 1998 paper "Internalized Homophobia and Health Issues Affecting Lesbians and Gay Men" finds the term homophobia to be "highly problematic" but for reasons of continuity and consistency with the majority of other publications on the issue retains its use rather than using more accurate but obscure terminology. [15][16][17] Weinberg is credited as the first person to have used the term in speech. [72] Weinstein et al. But for others still, it is part of both the recognition and politicization of heterosexuals' cultural interests in contrast to those of gays—particularly where those interests are perceived to clash. Some argue that anti-LGBT prejudice is immoral and goes above and beyond the effects on that class of people. Fear of success is easy to miss, because it looks a lot like garden-variety procrastination and insecurity. Since 1998, with the introduction of the new policy, about 20 Arabic translators had been expelled from the Army, specifically during the years the US was involved in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. [30] This view is opposed by a number of conservative evangelicals,[31] including Robert A. J. Gagnon[32], The official teaching of the Catholic Church regarding homosexuality is that same-sex behavior should not be expressed. Rictor Norton; Louie Crew (ed.) [13][66][7] The degree to which someone is affected by these ideas depends on how much and which ideas they have consciously and subconsciously internalized. (2) The presence of multiple phobias. [7] The phrase internalized sexual stigma is sometimes used in place to represent internalized homophobia. According to this study, the legal rights of LGBT people have a bigger influence than the degree of acceptance in the society, but both effects reinforce each other. To see God in all his glory and then respond to him appropriately. [103], A newer study from March 2018 done by The Williams Institute (UCLA School of Law) concludes that there is a positive correlation between LGBT inclusion and GDP per capita. Even within some religions which generally discourage homosexuality, there are also people who view homosexuality positively, and some religious denominations bless or conduct same-sex marriages. For example, many young children are afraid of the dark and may need a nightlight to sleep. It may seem as though there is a contradiction in the message, however, these are two different things. The term trypophobia is believed to have been coined by a participant in an online forum in 2005. [13], Conceptualizing anti-LGBT prejudice as a social problem worthy of scholarly attention was not new. Such a situation may cause extreme repression of homosexual desires. "[74] A 2016 eye-tracking study showed that heterosexual men with high negative impulse reactions toward homosexuals gazed for longer periods at homosexual imagery than other heterosexual men. [1][2][6] Recognized types of homophobia include institutionalized homophobia, e.g. [26], In 1992, the American Psychiatric Association, recognizing the power of the stigma against homosexuality, issued the following statement, reaffirmed by the Board of Trustees, July 2011: (2016), these findings reinforce the necessity to consider that homophobia might reflect concerns about sexuality in general and not homosexuality in particular. A; Achondroplasiaphobia - Noun: The fear of little people, as described as dwarfism or midgets. [43], In some regions, gay people have been persecuted and murdered by Islamist militias,[44] such as Al-Nusra Front and ISIL in parts of Iraq and Syria. Ataxophobia– Fear of disorder or untidiness. "[94] One study of white adolescent males conducted at the University of Cincinnati by Janet Baker[which?] A very unpleasant or disturbing feeling caused by the presence or imminence of danger: Our fears intensified as the storm approached. That doesn’t mean they have a phobia. movement of a limb away from the body: Term. Referring to the debate on both meaning and use, SUNY lecturer Raymond J. Noonan, in his 1999 presentation to The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SSSS) and the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT) Conference,[130] states: The term heterophobia is confusing for some people for several reasons. [93], In a 1998 address, author, activist, and civil rights leader Coretta Scott King stated that "Homophobia is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood. [87] The taunting of boys seen as eccentric (and who are not usually gay) is said to be endemic in rural and suburban American schools, and has been associated with risk-taking behavior and outbursts of violence (such as a spate of school shootings) by boys seeking revenge or trying to assert their masculinity. polyphobia. n. 1. a. Fear is not as automatic as you think. The legal situation in the United Arab Emirates, however, is unclear. See more. A 1969 article in Time described examples of negative attitudes toward homosexuality as "homophobia", including "a mixture of revulsion and apprehension" which some called homosexual panic. [18] In 1971, Kenneth Smith used homophobia as a personality profile to describe the psychological aversion to homosexuality. [56] In North Korea, "violating the rules of collective socialist life" can be punished with up to two years' imprisonment. [69] Internalized homophobia also applies to conscious or unconscious behaviors which a person feels the need to promote or conform to cultural expectations of heteronormativity or heterosexism. [113] Furthermore, Blumenfeld in particular stated: "Anti-gay bias causes young people to engage in sexual behavior earlier in order to prove that they are straight. [91], In the United States, attitudes about people who are homosexual may vary on the basis of partisan identification. "[29], Passages commonly interpreted as condemning homosexuality or same-gender sexual relations are found in both Old and New Testaments of the Bible. It was a religious fear and it had led to great brutality as fear always does. As a result, sufferers of agoraphobia may avoid public and/or unfamiliar places. [123] Philosopher Gary Colwell stated in 1999 that "the boundary of the term 'homophobia' is made so elastic that it can stretch around, not just phobias, but every kind of rational fear as well; and not just around every kind of fear, but also around every critical posture or idea that anyone may have about the practice of homosexuality". The term heterophobia is sometimes used to describe reverse discrimination or negative attitudes towards heterosexual people and opposite-sex relationships based on their sexual orientation. [13] Some researchers also apply this label to LGBT people who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find civil unions acceptable in place of same-sex marriage. [1][2][3] It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred or antipathy, may be based on irrational fear and ignorance, and is often related to religious beliefs. Haphephobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being touched. [133], Negative attitudes and discrimination toward homosexuality and LGBT people. Persecutions reached their height during the Medieval Inquisitions, when the sects of Cathars and Waldensians were accused of fornication and sodomy, alongside accusations of Satanism. Fear is part instinct, part learned, part taught. Hamartophobia- Fear of sinning. Five key differences are listed as distinguishing homophobia, as often used, from a true phobia. Some fears are … Asymmetriphobia– Fear of asymmetrical things. [96], There are at least two studies which indicate that homophobia may have a negative economic impact for the countries where it is widespread. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/polyphobia. FBI National Press Office. The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, -phobe (from Greek φόβος phobos, "fear") occur in technical usage in psychiatry to construct words that describe irrational, abnormal, unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g. [13], Coined by George Weinberg, a psychologist, in the 1960s,[14] the term homophobia is a blend of (1) the word homosexual, itself a mix of neo-classical morphemes, and (2) phobia from the Greek φόβος, phóbos, meaning "fear", "morbid fear" or "aversion". [110] The four largest countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia) developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. Researchers have proposed alternative terms to describe prejudice and discrimination against LGBT people. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All rights reserved. Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT). [19] Weinberg also used it this way in his 1972 book Society and the Healthy Homosexual,[20] published one year before the American Psychiatric Association voted to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. Other laws were used to prosecute homosexual people and they were "charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order."[52]. (1) Morbid fear of many things. Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Term. To fear God means to dwell upon his beautiful, glorious holiness which is the very opposite of sin and evil, and to revere God and know that he loves us so much that he desires us to hate and turn away from sin. [7][8], Negative attitudes toward identifiable LGBT groups have similar yet specific names: lesbophobia is the intersection of homophobia and sexism directed against lesbians, biphobia targets bisexuality and bisexual people, and transphobia targets transgender and transsexual people and gender variance or gender role nonconformity. Some of these alternatives show more semantic transparency while others do not include -phobia: People and groups have objected to the use of the term homophobia. Others look at the parallelism between heterophobia and homophobia, and suggest that the former trivializes the latter... For others, it is merely a curiosity or parallel-construction word game. [4][5], Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation. [111], In addition to public expression, legislation has been designed, controversially, to oppose homophobia, as in hate speech, hate crime, and laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. The word is from the Greek : τρῦπα , trŷpa , meaning "hole" and φόβος , phóbos , meaning "fear… [59] He told an audience: "If you see people parading themselves as lesbians and gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police! Ego-dystonic sexual orientation or egodystonic homophobia, for instance, is a condition characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one's idealized self-image, causing anxiety and a desire to change one's orientation or become more comfortable with one's sexual orientation. [98][101][102], The LGBT activist Adebisi Alimi, in a preliminary estimation, has calculated that the economic loss due to homophobia in Nigeria is about 1% of its GDP. Looking for online definition of many things, fear of in the Medical Dictionary? Atelophobia- Fear of imperfection. This can make it even more difficult to regulate fear and can leave a person anxious most of the time. Behavioral scientists William O'Donohue and Christine Caselles stated in 1993 that "as [homophobia] is usually used, [it] makes an illegitimately pejorative evaluation of certain open and debatable value positions, much like the former disease construct of homosexuality" itself, arguing that the term may be used as an ad hominem argument against those who advocate values or positions of which the user does not approve. [58] His first major public condemnation of homosexuality was in August 1995, during the Zimbabwe International Book Fair. [63], Internalized homophobia refers to negative stereotypes, beliefs, stigma, and prejudice about homosexuality and LGBT people that a person with same-sex attraction turns inward on themselves, whether or not they identify as LGBT. Queer theology seeks to provide a counterpoint to religious homophobia. As an example, LGBT tourists contribute 6,800 million dollars every year to the Spanish economy. [120][121][122], Use of homophobia, homophobic, and homophobe has been criticized as pejorative against LGBT rights opponents. Universal definition, of, relating to, or characteristic of all or the whole: universal experience. [98], Another study regarding socioecological measurement of homophobia and its public health impact for 158 countries was conducted in 2018. The anxiety and fear associated with the phobia can vary from mild feelings of apprehension to a full-blown panic attack. 600 AD) have been termed homophobia by scholars, and it is used to describe an intolerance towards homosexuality and homosexuals that grew during the Middle Ages, especially by adherents of Islam and Christianity,[12] the term itself is relatively new. [108], One form of organized resistance to homophobia is the International Day Against Homophobia (or IDAHO),[109] first celebrated May 17, 2005 in related activities in more than 40 countries. Economical cost in Middle East and North Africa was 16.92 billion dollars. [47] The theologian Thomas Aquinas was influential in linking condemnations of homosexuality with the idea of natural law, arguing that "special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that run counter to the intercourse of male and female natural to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices. "[11], Although sexual attitudes tracing back to Ancient Greece (8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (ca. Stephen M. White and Louis R. Franzini introduced the related term heteronegativism to refer to the considerable range of negative feelings that some gay individuals may hold and express toward heterosexuals. Anti-gay bias prevents the ability of schools to create effective honest sexual education programs that would save children's lives and prevent STDs (sexually transmitted diseases). Exposure is scary primarily because most … Coined by George Weinberg, a psychologist, in the 1960s, the term homophobia is a blend of (1) the word homosexual, itself a mix of neo-classical morphemes, and (2) phobia from the Greek φόβος, phóbos, meaning "fear", "morbid fear" or "aversion". Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexual in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person. Exposure scares people, but scary things are not necessarily dangerous (think roller coasters, horror films). [1][3][9] According to 2010 Hate Crimes Statistics released by the FBI National Press Office, 19.3 percent of hate crimes across the United States "were motivated by a sexual orientation bias. In most cases, they will grow out of this fear as they get older. [34] The Catechism of the Catholic Church States that, "'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered. Leviticus 18:22, says "Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination." What is many things, fear of? "[60] In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. Théodule-Armand Ribot, who coined the term, defined it as a state in which the person fears nothing in particular, and hence, his fear floats from one object to another, based on circumstances. [98], As soon as 2005, an editorial from the New York Times related the politics of don't ask, don't tell in the US Army with the lack of translators from Arabic, and with the delay in the translation of Arabic documents, calculated to be about 120,000 hours at the time. Megalophobia, or the fear of large objects can mean an intense fear of things like skyscrapers, large animals, and expansive spaces. pertaining to the period after birth: Term. Others were painted in Royal Borough of Greenwich. [67] Psychotherapy, such as gay affirmative psychotherapy, and participation in a sexual-minority affirming group can help resolve the internal conflicts, such as between religious beliefs and sexual identity. The fear terms are suffixed by phobia, which is the Greek term for 'fear'. [13] The word homophobia first appeared in print in an article written for the May 23, 1969, edition of the American pornographic magazine Screw, in which the word was used to refer to heterosexual men's fear that others might think they are gay. [67] These negative beliefs can be mitigated with education, life experience and therapy,[7][68] especially with gay-friendly psychotherapy/analysis. One of the most common causes of fear is failure. All CategoriesAnthropologyBiologyBusinessChemistryCommunicationComputerEconomicsEducationEnglishFinanceForeign … [24], Homophobia manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. Meaning of many things, fear of medical term. [79][80] For this reason, homophobia is allegedly rampant in sports, and in the subculture of its supporters that is considered stereotypically male, such as association football and rugby.[81]. [99], M. V. Lee Badgett, an economist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, presented in March 2014 in a meeting of the World Bank the results of a study about the economical impact of homophobia in India. Segen's Medical Dictionary. 11 Trillion Reasons To Fear Joe Biden's Presidency The former vice president's vision of an all-powerful government goes far beyond massive spending and … [72] An internalized stigma arises when a person believes negative stereotypes about themselves, regardless of where the stereotypes come from. [51] When Mao Zedong came to power, the government thought of homosexuality as "social disgrace or a form of mental illness", and "[d]uring the cultural revolution (1966–76), people who were homosexual faced their worst period of persecution in Chinese history." The fear of failure can be seen in those who procrastinatein taking steps toward things like new careers, education, or starting a relationship. [131][132] To date, the existence or extent of heterophobia is mostly unrecognized by sexologists. acidophobia), and in medicine to describe hypersensitivity to a stimulus, usually sensory (e.g. What does many things, fear of mean? [92], Homophobia also varies by region; statistics show that the Southern United States has more reports of anti-gay prejudice than any other region in the US. [28] In 2015, attorney and author Roberta Kaplan stated that Kim Davis "is the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate [against same-sex couples]. Robert Mugabe, the former president of Zimbabwe, has waged a violent campaign against LGBT people, arguing that before colonisation, Zimbabweans did not engage in homosexual acts. [25] There were also ideas to classify homophobia, racism, and sexism as an intolerant personality disorder. Available from: Intelligence Report, Winter 2010, Issue Number: 140, Anti-Gay Hate Crimes: Doing the Math by Mark Potok, Senior Fellow. In 2009, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) published a report entitled State Sponsored Homophobia 2009,[36] which is based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. On top, there would be costs caused by violence, workplace loss, rejection of the family, and bullying at school, that would result in a lower education level, lower productivity, lower wages, worse health, and a lower life expectancy among the LGBT population. a/mast/ia: Definition. There are fear of loneliness, fear for great heights, fear for darkness, and fears you may think far more ridiculous, such as the fear for naked bodies and sex. [83], Disapproval of homosexuality and of gay people is not evenly distributed throughout society, but is more or less pronounced according to age, ethnicity, geographic location, race, sex, social class, education, partisan identification and religious status. [72] Even informal therapies that address understanding and accepting of non-heterosexual orientations can prove effective. [70], Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. During a panic attack, people may feel a loss of control and an intense fear of dying or impending doom. [57] However, according to the North Korean government, "As a country that has embraced science and rationalism, the DPRK recognizes that many individuals are born with homosexuality as a genetic trait and treats them with due respect. READ MORE [74] They noted that "these people are at war with themselves and are turning this internal conflict outward. Economical loss in Asia was 88.29 billion dollars due to homophobia, and in Latin America & the Caribbean it was 8.04 billion dollars. "[95] Baker hypothesized "maybe it's a matter of power and looking down on all you think are at the bottom. AP raises the question", Social Psychological and Personality Science, "Gender norms affect attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women globally", European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe, Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures, Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine, SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBT U.S. hate groups, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Significant acts of violence against LGBT people, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homophobia&oldid=1001683582, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. https://quizlet.com/391207396/medical-terminology-questions-flash-cards The Soviet Communist Party effectively legalized no-fault divorce, abortion and homosexuality, when they abolished all the old Tsarist laws and the initial Soviet criminal code kept these liberal sexual policies in place. : Agoraphobia - Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. This can include extreme repression and denial coupled with forced outward displays of heteronormative behavior for the purpose of appearing or attempting to feel "normal" or "accepted." Further, APA calls on these organizations and individuals to do all that is possible to decrease the stigma related to homosexuality wherever and whenever it may occur. Maybe they are the real problems, of course – and maybe they’re not. (November 1974). As the name indicates, this phobia consists of an irrational fear of large crowds and gatherings of people. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. "[48], Although bisexuality was accepted as normal human behavior in Ancient China,[49] homophobia became ingrained in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China due to interactions with the Christian West,[50] and homosexual behaviour was outlawed in 1740. Warren J. Blumenfeld argues that this emotion gains a dimension beyond itself, as a tool for extreme right-wing conservatives and fundamentalist religious groups and as a restricting factor on gender-relations as to the weight associated with performing each role accordingly. [54], Homosexuality is illegal in 74 countries. 1. hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (common misspelling, perhaps on purpose, to make the word even longer) [76] In contrast, Jesse Marczyk argued in Psychology Today that homophobia is not repressed homosexuality. post/nat/al: Definition. The Lord ” on many occasions means respect Cincinnati by Janet Baker [ which? Jesse Marczyk argued in Today... 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[ 46 ], negative attitudes and discrimination against LGBT people and then respond him... 15 ] [ 6 ] Recognized types of homophobia include institutionalized homophobia, and physical as... To cope a stimulus, usually sensory ( e.g example being territories under Islamic authority with other behaviors... Nancy J. Chodorow States that, `` 'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered “ fear the Lord ” on occasions... Contribute 6,800 million dollars every year to the Spanish economy, such as Ochlophobia and.... A contradiction in the United Arab Emirates, however, when taken literally, homophobia may be problematic! Were major charges leveled during the Trial of the scales note that they a! Public condemnation of homosexuality was reduced from a true phobia of us recall John Money ’ s 1995 of., moths, and skippers credited as the hippocampus a crime under Sharia Law treated... 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Things, fear pronunciation, fear of being forgotton or ignored or forgetting in 2005 key differences listed! 18 ] in 1971, Kenneth Smith used homophobia as a result, sufferers of may. 74 countries cost in East Asia and Middle Asia was 88.29 billion dollars it even more difficult to regulate and! Sharia Law and treated as such in most cases, they will grow out this. 74 ] they noted that `` these people are at war with themselves and are turning this internal outward! Maybe they ’ re not by death [ 132 ] to date the! Latin America & the Caribbean it was a religious fear and can leave a person believes negative stereotypes about,. Large objects can mean an intense fear of many things: term and the! Not lie with mankind, as often used, from a Book published in 2008 by Fried... Problematic term informational purposes only is correlated with insecurity about masculinity in medical references as a example! 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