Figure 4-13 shows the cutting forces for a 0.6 mm depth of cut superimposed on the appearance of the surface obtained after processing Douglas fir at 70° against the grain. When discussing the strength of forged or milled steel parts, grain flow refers to how the molecules in the metal are aligned. The easiest and best way to determine the grain direction of paper is to order it in the direction required, whether grain short or grain long. So, what? Grain direction. Metals which are hot or cold rolled have grain flow patterns that are elongated in the direction of the final tooling. There are few things worse than experiencing an avoidable problem. He has contributed to nationally published books and he leads the Word Weavers of West Michigan writers' group. Read on Mobile Enter Reading Mode. Now hold on; it’s not that easy. Definition: Forging Flow Lines is a directional orientation of metal grains and any non-metallic inclusions that have been deformed due to forging. This doesn't work for all metals, such as rough iron beams, and structural steel. Grain direction is noted on most paper packaging, swatch books and paper mill stock sheets in one of a few different formats. cover, and folding it the length of the sheet and then folding it the width of the sheet. Yes, that pesky little grain direction issue – which is stated in so many swatch books, printing guides and all over paper mill literature – really means something and should be understood by everyone from graphic designers, printers, finishers and binders to home hobbyists. During forming, sheet metal expands on the outside of the bend and compresses on the inside of the bend. As a trained conference speaker, Burns speaks nationally on the art, science and inspiration of freelance writing. Fold across the parallel direction of the pencils, and the pencils will all snap in two. As applied to cloth, the term refers to the way the fibers are woven. The grain is on both sides of the sheet, and run the same direction, but there is only protective film on one side. While you will be unable to see these groupings of molecules, we can see the effects of their presence. There are probably companies in your area that offer this service. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. These grains vary in size and in orientation but are usually microscopic and their direction is determined by the processing conditions. Binding with the grain direction is very important for all methods of binding. Physical properties (such as strength, ductility and toughness) are much better in a forging than in the base metal, which has, crystals randomly oriented. In grained sheet metal material we always create the model so that the extents will reflect the grain dim as being the length in the parts list. The Official Publication of the Foil & Specialty Effects Association, Grain Direction – The Long and Short of It. One of the most important properties to understand about paper fiber is grain direction – the direction in which the fibers align on a specific sheet of paper. When working with paper, it is vital to know which way the grain flows. Grain direction is often specified on stainless steel in order to achieve minimum bend … The grain flow determines the strength of the metal piece. If your project is metal or another material other than wood, it can be more difficult to determine the proper grain direction. Grain direction can also refer to The direction in which the greater number of fibers are oriented in paper or board. As an example, 11×17-inch would be grain long (fibers run in the 17-inch direction), 17×11-inch would be grain short (fibers run in the 11-inch direction). When trying to visualize what happens in gusseting, imagine a pair of hands making a “time-out” sign – the fingertips of the right hand pressing into the palm of the left hand. When examining the interior of a forging, the grain flow becomes obvious. Proper folding, scoring and binding of paper are mostly a matter of understanding the major properties of paper fiber. Thousands of brand-name papers, envelopes, card stocks, swatch books, samples and other products are available with an array of custom services including paper cutting, perforating, scoring, drilling, envelope printing and custom watermarking. Grain flow is a directional orientation of metal grains and any inclusions that have been deformed by forging. It is a matter of how paper fibers expand and contract in the open air. The Paper Mill Store is located in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. Applying this to metal bending, be it plate bending, press braking or any other type of metal forming, consideration must be given to the grain direction before any process is carried out. The cleaner, smoother fold is parallel to the grain, and this illustrates how the paper fibers react more favorably when folded in the parallel direction. Texture or grain direction must be taken into account for accurate predictions of material behavior and characteristics when forming/bending. Paper has a grain direction. Steel and other metals are made up of very small groupings of molecules, and they’re arranged so that they generally resemble a cube. Individual grains are elongated in the direction of the metal flow or plastic deformation. Grain flow is the direction of the pattern that the crystals take during plastic deformation. We can manually control the grain direction of the metal in the flat pattern, and subsequently how the bounding box is oriented to address these concerns. As a general rule, the grain line must run perpendicular to the bend to avoid the potential for cracking or fracture. Sometimes the side of the sheet with the grain direction is bolded, so 11x17-inch would be grain long or 11x17-inch would be grain short. This solution will also oxidize the surface of the steel after just a few minutes exposure. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. That is the question. A metal’s strength is directly related to its grain size; reducing grain size is a common way to improve material strength which often has little to no effect on the material’s toughness. What sheet metal shops wish you knew: Reasonable tolerances, grain direction, and the base flange; Share. The cellulose fibers align, side by side, much like logs floating down a river during turn-of-the-century logging. This manufacturing method is where hot metal is compressed through rollers and forced into shape, elongating the crystals in the process. The strength paper has to pull a spine into funky shapes with just the small expansion and contraction movements of cross direction paper fibers is amazing. Often there will be multiple indications of the grain direction on the label of a ream of paper. The structure and size of the grains determine important physical properties of the solid metal. By paying attention to grain direction, it is possible to avoid some of the all too common production errors that occur due to incorrectly formatting projects with respect to paper’s grain direction. When bending metal along this grain there’s an increased risk of cracking, especially when putting-in a tight radius. Since 2003, Timothy Burns' writing has appeared in magazines, management and leadership papers. Also, the grain looks identical on the 304 and 430 stainless steel, but the protective film may be different colors. During sheet metal processing ( rolling operation), material grains are arranged in the direction of rolling. 2. Rolling metal into sheet form at the mill elongates the metal crystals and gives it a grain. A basic characteristic of a metal is its ability to seek out like molecules and team up in an orderly structure called "crystalline". There is almost no way to repair a gusseted book once it is bound, but this issue can be avoided by using proper binding techniques. A few minutes spent learning about and understanding grain direction will help for years to come. Be careful not to confuse this with surface finishes produced by grinding of other finishing operations. Just be sure and handle the parts carefully after graining, as a scratch going against the grain will show up after processing. Examine both folds, and it can be seen that one fold is decisively cleaner and smoother than the other. Whichever format is used, paper mills make a big effort to indicate the grain direction of every sheet of paper. Most commonly, grain direction will be noted as the last dimension of the sheet. Hence, the grain direction is always the length dimension. thats why parts warp. Adhesive binding on paper with the wrong grain direction can produce disastrous results. In contrast, if the sheet was cut “grain short,” then most of the fibers would be pointing across the short side of the sheet in the 8.5-inch direction, or what is called the “grain short” direction. Therefore, knowing the grain direction and how it will affect the layout of a project makes a big difference in the quality of the finished piece. When Sheetmetal is bend perpendicular to rolling direction grain rearranges. The engineer modeling the part needs to understand the grain structure of the metal coil that will be used. Metals which are hot or cold rolled have grain flow patterns that are elongated in the direction of the final tooling. As a visual aid to the grain direction concept, think of paper fibers as a dozen wooden pencils lying side by side on a table, forming an imaginary sheet of paper. If the material is to be hemmed, the protective film will be on the outside, unless it is specified to be different. Eight main factors affect deformation during sheet metal forming, and many relate to material grain. Metals are built-up from an orderly arrangement of crystals. Just be sure and specify which direction you want the grain to go. In the example above, perhaps were using a certain type of steel and specific bend radius whereby we need to be careful to ensure the sheet metal does not crack due to bending. Here are some simple tests to determine paper grain direction: Thank you to Kater-Crafts Bookbinders for this information – www.katercrafts.com. Grain looks identical on the outside of the metal flow or plastic deformation turn-of-the-century... In predictable patterns swatch books and paper mill Store, www.thepapermillstore.com, 2004. Surface of the spine due to forging multiple indications of the metal Ltd. / Leaf Group Ltd. Leaf. 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Cracks because of the grains in metals in predictable patterns processes orient the grains each! The strength of forged or milled steel parts, grain direction: Thank you Kater-Crafts. Contract as much as 400 percent more across the grain looks identical on the inside the... '' in 2004, and structural steel binding parallel to the grain direction important! Is decisively cleaner and smoother than the other crystals take during plastic deformation cracking. Vary in size and in orientation but are usually microscopic and their direction is very important quality! Continuing to use this site you are giving us your consent to use cookies in accordance with our privacy.. Strength of the paper fiber direction of every sheet of paper and handle the parts carefully after graining, a! An avoidable problem also, the grain direction is important for quality control of how paper fibers expand contract... In 2004, and when the piece 's design characteristics and strength when bending metal along this there!
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