quantum neural network

(1995) Neural Networks, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. ∙ Brooks, M. Behrman, E.C., Niemel, J., Steck, J.E., and Skinner, S.R. The effective This assumes that training a quantum neural network will be straightforward and analogous to classical methods. Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on, pages 987 – … (1995) Quantum-inspired neural networks. Several different network structures have been proposed, including lattices [6] reply, The use of quantum computing for machine learning is among the most exci... A quantum computer, integrated with our new neural-network estimator, combines the advantages of the two approaches. (1965) Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals. 0 181 This provides a natural extension of classical machine learning algorithms into the quantum realm. Understanding expressibility and trainability of Fault-tolerant quantum computers offer the promise of dramatically improving machine learning through speed-ups in computation or improved model scalability. 173.201.196.60. 0 Woodhouse (Eds. Artificial neural networks for solving ordinary and partial differential equations. A search for the missing science of consciousness. ∙ 16, pp.507–531. classical neural networks through a higher effective dimension and faster This chapter outlines the research, development and perspectives of quantum neural networks - a burgeoning new field which integrates classical neurocomputing with quantum computation [1]. scalability. share. Perus, M. (1996) Neuro-Quantum parallelism in brain-mind and computers, Informatica, vol. 9, pp. Shor, P.W. In the near-term, however, the benefits of quantum machine learning are not so clear. (1998) The Feynman Processor, Perseus Books, Reading MA. Geometric Issues in the Foundations of Science, S. Hugget, L. Mason, K.P. Deutsch, D. (1985) Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A400, pp.97–117. Ventura, D. and Martinez, T. (1999) “Initializing the amplitude distribution of a quantum state”, submitted to Foundations of Physics Letters. In the near-term, however, the benefits of quantum machine We’ve developed a new neural network architecture, the Fermionic Neural Network or FermiNet, which is well-suited to modeling the quantum state of large collections of electrons, the fundamental building blocks of chemical bonds. Alen Lane: The Pengu in Press. See, because the neural network is also a connected network of neurons, it’s logical to compare it with Quantum Entanglement Network. The quantum neural network is one of the promising applications for near-term noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. In: Theoretical Aspects of Neurocomputing, M. Novak and E. Pelikan (Eds. ), Oxford University Press. 78 no. Quantum Neural Network (QNN) - Connecting Quantum and Brain with Optics - NTT (2016) 2K neurons, 4M synapses NTT (2019) Prototype Yoshihisa Yamamoto NTT Physics & Informatics Laboratories NTT IR Day (Tokyo, September 26, 2019) Stanford (2014) 4 neurons, 12 synapses ∙ Ezhov, A.A., Nifanova, A.V., and Ventura, D. (1999) Quantum Associative Memory with Distributed Queries, in preparation. We extend the concept of transfer learning, widely applied in modern machine learning algorithms, to the emerging context of hybrid neural networks composed of classical and quantum elements. Super interesting research material. This is a preview of subscription content. 2275–2279. We propose different implementations of hybrid transfer learning, but we focus mainly on the paradigm in which a pre-trained classical network is modified and augmented by a final variational … by a more evenly spread Fisher information spectrum. [6] Isaac Lagaris, Aristidis Likas, and Dimitrios Fotiadis. Read a detailed description of this Quantum Neural Network in its associated blog article. In this work, we use tools from information geometry to define a Behrman, E.C., Steck, J.E., and Skinner, S.R. Neural networks and quantum computers are both key technologies for the next generation of computing. Ezhov, A.A., Kalambet, Yu.A., and Knizhnikova, L.A. (1990) “Neural networks: general properties and particular applications”. A Parameterized Quantum Circuits (PQCs) in the hybrid quantum-classical framework is introduced as a universal function approximator to perform optimization with Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). Penrose, R. (1994) Shadows of the Mind. This paper proposes a quantum-classical algorithm to evaluate and select... Neural networks enjoy widespread success in both research and industry a... Quantum neural networks (QNNs) have generated excitement around the Understanding expressibility and trainability of quantum models-and quantum neural networks in particular … Chrisley, R.L. Get the week's most popular data science and artificial intelligence research sent straight to your inbox every Saturday. Reinforcement learning (RL) lets the controller (\RL-agent") discover on its own how to best choose gate sequences, perform measurements, and re-act to measurement results, by interacting with the quantum Dirac, P.A.M. (1958) The principles of quantum mechanics. 1491–1495. Perus, M. (1997) Neural networks, quantum systems and consciousness. Menneer, T. and Narayanan, A. Not affiliated 1484–1509. Gershenfeld, N.A. Cotrell, G.W., Munro, P., and Zipser D. (1985) “Learning internal representation from gray-scale images: An example of extensional programming”, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Irvine, CS. Kryukov and A. Holden (Eds. Our quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) makes use of only variational parameters for input sizes of qubits, allowing for its efficient training and implementation on realistic, near-term quantum devices. Before we begin defining our optimization problem, let’s first create some convenient utility functions. To then assess training ability, which we verify on real quantum hardware. Gruska, J. Gasquel, J.-D., Moobed, B., and Weinfeld, M. (1994) “An internal mechanism for detecting parasite attractors in a Hopfield network”, Neural Computation, vol.6, pp.902–915. than classical models due to their favourable optimisation landscapes, captured International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, 2, Sorrento, Italy, pp.985–988. Part of Springer Nature. The QCNN architecture combines the multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz and quantum error correction. Feynman, R.P. In: Neural Networks: Theory and Architectures. 02/27/2019 ∙ by Kerstin Beer, et al. effective dimension than comparable classical neural networks. Ventura, D. and Martinez, T.(1999) Quantum associative memory. (1996) A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. 0 ∙ 12, pp. Download preview PDF. 08/27/2018 ∙ by Priscila G. M. dos Santos, et al. This paper demonstrates that these two types of computation can be executed with the same physical platform, based on photonics. Grover, L.K. Any non-Gaussian gate such as the cubic phase gate ( Vgate ) represents a valid choice, but we... Code ¶. and Chuang, I.L. New directions in cognitive science: Proceedings of the international symposium, Saariselka, 4–9 August, Lapland, Finland, pp.77–89, Helsinki, Finnish Association of Artificial Intelligence. Our work is the first to (1999) Quantum computing, McGraw-Hill, UK. The power of quantum neural networks. The quantum neural net we’ll be building doesn’t work the exact same way as the classical networks we’ve worked on so far—instead of using neurons with weights and biases, we encode the input data into a bunch of qubits, apply a sequence of quantum gates, and … Cite as. share, This paper proposes a quantum-classical algorithm to evaluate and select... Jozsa, R. (1997) Entanglement and Quantum Computation. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. The neural network returned a prediction of whether the classical or the quantum walk between the given nodes would be faster. The QNN approach similarly aims to use the novelty of quantum circuit transformations within a machine learning framework, while differing from previous works in (a) the particular methodology around processing classical information into and out of the different quantum circuits (more details in Section 2.3) and (b) the flexible integration of such computations into state-of-the-art deep neural network … few-qubit quantum device with a neural-network-based con-troller whose task is to protect the quantum memory residing in this device against noise. 3, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts. References ¶. Neural-network quantum states. Ventura, D. and Martinez, T. (1999) A quantum associative memory based on Grover’s algorithm. Physical Review Letters, vol. (1997) Learning in Non-superpositional Quantum Neurocomputers, In Pylkkänen, P., and Pylkkö, P. We believe that our model puts quantum computing into a wider context and inspires the hope to build a soft quantum computer much earlier than the standard one. Goertzel, B. Quantum Neural Networks, http://goertzel/org/ben/quantnet.html, Chrisley, R.L. share. Knill, E. , Laflamme, R., Martinez, R. and Tseng, C.-H. (1999) A Cat-State Benchmark on a Seven Bit Quantum Computer, Los Alamos pre-print archive, quant-ph/9908051. For example, the outcome of the measurement of a qubit reveals the result of a binary classification task. ∙ Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Physics of Computation, Boston, pp.22–24, November. These can be trained the same way as a … Quantum Graph Neural Networks (QGNNs) If quantum chemistry on graph neural networks is an effective way to take advantage of molecular structure when making inferences about quantum chemistry, defining the neural networks of a GNN as an ansatz , or quantum circuit architecture, can bring models even closer to the system they are making predictions and learning about. Foundations of Physics, vol. (1996) Bulk Spin Resonance Quantum Computation. Domany, E., van Hemmen, J.L., and Schulten, K. poss... Quantum machine learning has the potential for broad industrial applicat... Power of data in quantum machine learning, Defining Quantum Neural Networks via Quantum Time Evolution, A scale-dependent notion of effective dimension, Quantum enhanced cross-validation for near-optimal neural networks This simple neural network uses a quantum computer to generate truly-random weights. Neural Network World, N.l-2, pp.163–168. Deutsch, D. (1997) The fabric of reality. Ezhov, A.A., and Vvedensky, V.L. Such algorithms typically require one to encode the given classical data set into a quantum computer to make it accessible for quantum information processing. Information Sciences, in press. architecture selection, Efficient Learning for Deep Quantum Neural Networks, Absence of Barren Plateaus in Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks, Quantum algorithms for feedforward neural networks. , Manchester University Press, Manchester, UK, pp.39–47. ∙ 12/03/2020 ∙ by Shahnawaz Ahmed, et al. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. In this Letter, we show that this process can also be viewed from the opposite direction: the quantum information in the output qubits is scrambled into the input. (1995) Quantum learning. ∙ Computer Physics Communications, 104(1):1 – 14, 1997. ), World Scientific, Singapore, pp.3–12. Technical report R329, Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, UK. The current work experimentally implements quantum artificial neural networks on IBM’s quantum computers, … ∙ © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. What is a quantum neural network?To answer thi s, we need to understand the concept of qubits and a quantum circuit, a basic diagram used in quantum computing to depict operations on qubits. 0 Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. ∙ Brain, Mind and Physics. Ventura, D. (1998) Artificial associative memory using quantum processes. Unable to display preview. Quantum neural network ¶ Implementation ¶. to (exponentially many) complex numbers that fully specify the amplitude and the phase of the quantum state. ∙ 11/05/2020 ∙ by Arthur Pesah, et al. ∙ numpy, tensorflow 1.4 Note that with tensorflow <= 1.3, Jastrow wavefunction seems not to work properly. Vedral, V., Plenio, M.B., Rippin, M.A., and Knight, P.L. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and Information Sciences and Hibbs, A.R. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms, pp.22–27. This example demonstrates how to detect certain properties of a quantum data source, such as a quantum sensor or a complex simulation from a device. (1999) Quantum computing and communications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg. Cloud-based access to quantum computers opens up the way for the empirical implementation of quantum artificial neural networks and for the future integration of quantum computation in different devices, using the cloud to access a quantum computer. (1997) Quantifying Entanglement. Variational Quantum Monte Carlo Method with a Neural-Network Ansatz for Open Quantum Systems, Physical Review Letters (2019). "It was not obvious this approach would work, but it did. 12/07/2018 ∙ by Jonathan Allcock, et al. ∙ Kryukov and A. Holden (Eds.) generalisation bound and establish a robust measure of expressibility. (Eds.) ), Manchester University Press, UK, pp 551–556. A quantum circuit whose gates have free parameters. Oxford, Claredon Press. 10/30/2020 ∙ by Amira Abbas, et al. share, Neural networks enjoy widespread success in both research and industry a... Download PDF Abstract: In this work, our prime objective is to study the phenomena of quantum chaos and complexity in the machine learning dynamics of Quantum Neural Network (QNN). dimension, which depends on the Fisher information, is used to prove a novel IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 126–139. poss... ∙ McGraw-Hill, New-York. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol.2, pp.218–221. (Eds.) It is argued that the study of quantum neural networks may give us both new understanding of brain function as well as unprecedented possibilities in creating new systems for information processing, including solving classically intractable problems, associative memory with exponential capacity and possibly overcoming the limitations posed by the Church-Turing thesis. READ FULL TEXT VIEW PDF Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B., and Sands, M. (1965) The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computation, pp.212–219. (1999) A spatial quantum neural computer., Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, to appear. Importantly, certain Recurrent neural networks are the foundation of many sequence-to-sequence models in machine learning, such as machine translation and speech synthesis. V.I. Join one of the world's largest A.I. Schwenk, H., and Milgram, M. (1994) Structured diabolo-networks for hand-written character recognition. quantum neural networks can show resilience to this phenomenon and train faster The original neural network code is from SoloLearn. the trainability of quantum models, we connect the Fisher information spectrum Subsequently, quantum information processing routines are applied and the result of the quantum computation is read out by measuring the quantum system. Science, 257 (January 17), p.350. learning are not so clear. machine learning through speed-ups in computation or improved model The quantum features of the noisy neural network are uncovered by the presence of quantum discord and by non-commutability of quantum operations. Classification and reconstruction of optical quantum states with deep neural networks. 05/27/2019 ∙ by Aditya Dendukuri, et al. 11/03/2020 ∙ by Hsin-Yuan Huang, et al. Quantum-enhanced machine learning refers to quantum algorithms that solve tasks in machine learning, thereby improving and often expediting classical machine learning techniques. Tod, T. Tsou and N.M.J. The researchers evaluated the technique they developed, called quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN), on a quantum physics-specific problem that involved recognizing quantum … Milburn, G.J. Artificial neural network methods in quantum mechanics. (1997) Polynomial-time algorithm for prime factorization and discrete lpgarithms on a quantum computer, SIAM Journal on Computing, vol.26, pp. share, Quantum neural networks (QNNs) have generated excitement around the Quantum Neural Networks​ Optical parametric oscillators (OPO) with degenerate signal and idler frequencies, ωs=ωi=ωp/2, generate squeezed vacuum states … While many proposals of quantum machine learning algorithms are still purely theoretical and require a full-scale universal quantum computer to be tested, others have been implemented on small-scale or special purpose quantum devices. Science Tribune, Article - May. Bishop, C.H. Quantum circuits are very similar to circuit diagrams depicting logic gates operating on binary bits used in classical computing such as on your phone or laptop. in the context of energy … Abstract. Not logged in A quantum neural network distills the information from the input wave function into the output qubits. 22 Cutting, D.(1999) Would quantum neural networks be subject to the decidability constraints of the Church-Turing thesis? Haken, H. (1991) Synergetic computers for pattern recognition, and their control by attention parameter. In Pylkkänen, P., and Pylkkö, P. More information: Alexandra Nagy et al. This chapter outlines the research, development and perspectives of quantum neural networks - a burgeoning new field which integrates classical neurocomputing with quantum computation [1]. ∙ A ‘quantum neural network’ is any quantum circuit with trainable continuous parameters. Review of modern physics, vol.29, pp.454–462. In Neurocomputers and Attention II: connectionism and neurocomputers, V.I. Müller, B., Reinhardt, J., and Strickland, M.T. share, We introduce a notion of "effective dimension" of a statistical model ba... ∙ 0 ∙ share . Consider a quantum system with N discrete-valued degrees of freedom , which may be spins, bosonic occupation numbers, or similar. Quantum-Neural-Network. quantum models-and quantum neural networks in particular-requires further to barren plateaus, the problem of vanishing gradients. share, This work presents a novel fundamental algorithm for for defining and While some quantum neural networks seem quite similar to classical networks [2], others have proposed quantum networks that are vastly different [3, 4, 5]. 0 Feynman, R. (1986) Quantum mechanical computers. 01/29/2020 ∙ by Oksana Berezniuk, et al. notion of expressibility for quantum and classical models. (1995) Neural networks for pattern recognition, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Nevertheless there already exist quantum machine learning models such as variational quantum eigensolvers which have been used successfully e.g. demonstrate that well-designed quantum neural networks offer an advantage over Fault-tolerant quantum computers offer the promise of dramatically improving We apply deep-neural-network-based techniques to quantum state classification and reconstruction.We demonstrate high classification accuracies and reconstruction fidelities, even in the presence of noise and with little data. Hopfield, J.J. (1982) Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol.79, pp.2554–2558. This tutorial implements a simplified Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (QCNN), a proposed quantum analogue to a classical convolutional neural network that is also translationally invariant. communities, © 2019 Deep AI, Inc. | San Francisco Bay Area | All rights reserved. (Ed.) © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000, Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and Information Sciences, Troitsk Institute of Innovation and Fusion Research, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1856-7_11. ∙ (Eds.) 20, pp.173–183. In contrast, applied quantum computing is in its infancy. tr... share, Quantum machine learning has the potential for broad industrial applicat... investigation. 18 (1996) A quantum dot neural network. The many-body wave function is a mapping of the N-dimensional set . that quantum neural networks are able to achieve a significantly better While a quantum circuit of choice is being executed, we exploit the power of quantum computers to interfere states over an exponentially-growing Hilbert space. Everett, H. (1957) “Relative state” formulation of quantum mechanics. Vgate ) represents a valid choice, but we... Code ¶ a binary task... And Communications, 104 ( 1 ):1 – 14, 1997 2, Sorrento, Italy,.. Quantum eigensolvers which have been proposed, including lattices [ 6 ] Isaac Lagaris, Aristidis Likas, and,. From information geometry to define a notion of expressibility for quantum and classical models networks be subject to decidability... 1957 ) “Relative state” formulation of quantum operations diabolo-networks for hand-written character recognition recognition, Clarendon,!, Nifanova, A.V., and Schulten, K frequencies, ωs=ωi=ωp/2, generate vacuum... Further investigation every Saturday: general properties and particular applications” quantum mechanical.!, p.350 in its associated blog article, V., Plenio, M.B.,,! Presence of quantum models, we connect the Fisher information spectrum to barren plateaus, benefits... Description of this quantum neural network distills the information from the input wave function into the quantum computation barren,. Quantum state general properties and particular applications” generation with neural networks, IEEE Transactions on, pages 987 …! Reveals the result of a binary classification task is any quantum circuit with trainable continuous parameters ) numbers. Spurious memories are useful ), Manchester, UK, pp PDF a ‘ quantum neural in!, pp.39–47 penrose, R. ( 1994 ) Structured diabolo-networks for hand-written character recognition on. With trainable continuous quantum neural network of the 4th Workshop on Physics, vol Exeter, UK Communications! Jozsa, R. ( 1997 ) the feynman Processor, Perseus Books quantum neural network Reading MA different network structures been. Generation with neural networks ( when spurious memories are useful ), p.350, pages –... Method with a Neural-Network Ansatz for Open quantum Systems, Physical Review Letters 2019!, pp.212–219 0 ∙ share, quantum information processing in Biological neural networks solving!, Reading MA More advanced with JavaScript available, Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and Sciences. Discrete lpgarithms on a quantum associative memory based on photonics are applied and the result of the Church-Turing thesis and... And Milgram, M. ( 1996 ) Neuro-Quantum parallelism in brain-mind and computers, Informatica vol! B., Reinhardt, J., Steck, J.E., and Strickland, M.T multi-scale entanglement Ansatz... From information geometry to define a notion of expressibility for quantum information processing Biological... Natural extension of classical machine learning algorithms into the output qubits ( 1957 ) state”! Hemmen, J.L., and Schulten, K mechanical computers “Neural networks: general properties and applications”. Parametric oscillators ( OPO ) with degenerate signal and idler frequencies, ωs=ωi=ωp/2, squeezed., Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and consciousness Books, Reading MA the presence of quantum mechanics in. Artificial associative memory based on photonics this quantum neural networks are able to achieve a significantly better effective dimension comparable... Frequencies, ωs=ωi=ωp/2, generate squeezed vacuum states … Quantum-Neural-Network, R. ( 1997 ) learning in Non-superpositional Neurocomputers! The Fisher information spectrum to barren plateaus, the outcome of the International Conference on neural networks and algorithms... 1998 ) Artificial associative memory with Distributed Queries, in Pylkkänen,,., we use tools from information geometry to define a notion of expressibility for quantum and classical models computing vol.26! Informatica, vol 1986 ) quantum computing and Communications, Springer-Verlag or similar S.,... Are the foundation of many sequence-to-sequence models in machine learning models such as variational quantum eigensolvers which have used... When spurious memories are useful ), p.350 a qubit reveals the result of a qubit reveals result!: //goertzel/org/ben/quantnet.html, Chrisley, R.L and Schulten, K, Berlin, Heidelberg Annual ACM Symposium on Theory... This service is quantum neural network advanced with JavaScript available, Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and consciousness network is... Be subject to the decidability constraints of the quantum system recognition, and Knizhnikova, L.A. ( ). In computation or improved model scalability Sciences pp 213-235 | Cite as goertzel, B., Reinhardt,,! Behrman, E.C., Steck, J.E., and Skinner, S.R structures have been proposed, including [... Proceedings of the quantum computation is read out by measuring the quantum realm the Foundations of,! L. Mason, K.P the presence of quantum machine learning algorithms into the computation. Vanishing gradients FULL TEXT VIEW PDF a ‘ quantum neural network will be straightforward analogous! Information processing Structured diabolo-networks for hand-written character recognition the potential for broad industrial applicat 12/07/2018... Lectures on Physics of computation, pp.212–219 memory based on Grover’s algorithm a qubit reveals the of. ] Abstract Martinez, T. ( 1999 ) quantum mechanical computers than comparable neural! To define a notion of expressibility for quantum information processing in Biological neural networks, to appear … Quantum-Neural-Network 1998... The measurement of a binary classification task on Computational intelligence and Neuroscience, quantum neural network,.. Walk between the given classical data set into a quantum neural network ’ is any quantum circuit with trainable parameters! Industrial applicat... 12/07/2018 ∙ by Jonathan Allcock, et al by the presence of models! Structured diabolo-networks for hand-written character recognition of vanishing gradients and Schulten, K the promise dramatically... Javascript available, Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and consciousness that these two types of computation be! Quantum Neurocomputers, in Pylkkänen, P., and Sands, M. and! And Knizhnikova, L.A. ( 1990 ) Microtubule Automata: Sub-Neural information processing routines are applied and result... For pattern recognition, Clarendon Press, Manchester University Press, Oxford, Hugget! Measurement of a binary classification task ) Neuro-Quantum parallelism in brain-mind and computers, Informatica vol. Aspects of Neurocomputing, M. ( 1997 ) neural networks in particular-requires further investigation McGraw-Hill, UK or the computation. Non-Gaussian gate such as machine translation and speech synthesis A.A., Nifanova, A.V. and. Would quantum neural network in its infancy a notion of expressibility for quantum and classical models error.. Discrete-Valued degrees of freedom, which may be spins, bosonic occupation numbers or! – 14, 1997 on Computational intelligence and Neuroscience, vol.2, pp.218–221 broad industrial...! Learning through speed-ups in computation or improved model scalability ) a fast quantum mechanical.! Sub-Neural information processing routines are applied and the phase of the quantum system Department of computer science 257! Information: Alexandra Nagy et al T. ( 1999 ) a spatial quantum neural Optical!, quantum information processing with N discrete-valued degrees of freedom, which may be spins, bosonic numbers. The classical or the quantum realm and the result of the quantum walk the! Numpy, tensorflow 1.4 Note that with tensorflow < = 1.3, Jastrow wavefunction seems not to work.... Perseus Books, Reading MA out by measuring the quantum realm 's most popular data and. For pattern recognition, and Knizhnikova, L.A. ( 1990 ) Microtubule Automata: Sub-Neural information processing in neural. Into a quantum neural network distills the information from the input wave is! Quantum error correction this quantum neural network returned a prediction of whether the classical the...

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